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Tiber Apollo
The Tiber Apollo is an over lifesize〔222 cm (7 ft. 3 ¼ in.).〕 marble sculpture of Apollo, a Hadrianic or Antonine Roman marble copy after a bronze Greek original of about 450 BCE.〔Brunilde Sismondo Ridgeway (''Fifth Century Styles in Greek Sculpture'', 1981) suggested that its original, along with many other famous and established models generally dated in the 5th century BCE, should be attributed to a Late Hellenistic classicizing cultural phase of the first centuries BCE/CE;similarly E. Simon (''LIMC'' 2 1984, ''s.v.'' "Apollon/Apollo", 373f no. 38) called it an Antonine copy of a classicising Augustan original.〕 Dredged from the bed of the Tiber in Rome, in making piers for the Ponte Garibaldi (1885, bridge completed 1888), it is conserved in the Museo Nazionale Romano in Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Rome.〔Inv. 608; its rusty staining are the result of its long immersion.〕 The style of the sculpture reflects the school of Phidias, perhaps the young Phidias himself, as Jiři Frel suggested,〔Frel, "A Hermes by Kalamis and Some Other Sculptures" ''The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal'', 1 (1974:55-60) p. 57, and again in a review of Ridgeway, ''The Severe Style in Greek Sculpture'' in ''The Art Bulletin'' 56.2, (June 1974:274).〕 and Kenneth Clark observed of it, "If only this figure, instead of the ''Apollo Belvedere'', had been known to Winckelmann, his insight and beautiful gift of literary re-creation would have been better supported by the sculptural qualities of his subject."〔Clark, ''The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form'', 1956, p.74, illus. p. 75, fig.30.〕 Of this marble Brian A. Sparkes reminds us that "the general effect of copies always tends towards sweetness, and so it is here."〔Sparkes, "Greek Bronzes" ''Greece & Rome'', Second Series, 34.2 (October 1987:152-168) p 167, illus. fig. 9 p, 166. 〕
The figure, with his girlish curls,〔Susan E. Wood. ''Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images, 40 BC - AD 68'' (1999, rev. ed. 2001:225: "The arrangement of hair drawn back over the ears and long shoulder locks appears in statues of both male and female deities, including Apollo"; note 69: Tiber Apollo and other examples.〕 may once have held the laurel branch and bow, as he is not a ''citharoedus''. The pensive reserve of such Apollos provided the iconographical type for Hadrianic portrait heads of Antinous in the following century.〔Thorsten Opper, ''Hadrian: Empire and Conflict'' (2008) makes this point with an illustration of the Tiber Apollo, fig. 162, p. 185 paired with an Antinous.〕
Another version of the same type was recovered among the ruins of Cherchel, Algeria, the Roman Caesarea Mauretaniae.〔''LIMC'' ii. 373 no. 38, ''s.v.'' "Apollo"; Christa Landwehr, ''Die Römische Skulpturen von Caesarea Mauretaniae'', vol. II (Idealplastik).〕
A copy was formerly in the Villa Borghese gardens.〔Illustrated from an old photograph and captioned "lost" by Frel 1974:59, fig. 7.〕
==Notes==
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